Q&As: 15-passenger vans

1 What are 15-passenger vans?
These are large vans with 5 rows of seats intended to transport up to 15 people, including the driver. The federal government classifies 15-passenger vans as buses for the purpose of vehicle safety standards (49 CFR 571.3(b)).

Fifteen-passenger vans first appeared in the US market in 1972 and gained popularity during the 1990s with annual registrations increasing from about 150,000 in 1990 to over 500,000 in 2006. These vans comprised about 0.2 percent of the total US passenger vehicle fleet in 2007.

There were 503,346 15-passenger vans registered as of July 1, 2007 (see table). Two make/models accounted for 85 percent of all of these vans registered in 2007 — Ford Econo Club E-350 and Dodge B350/3500. Only three make/models of 15-passenger vans are currently produced and sold — the Chevrolet Express 3500, Ford Econo Club E-350, and GMC Savana 3500.

Number of registered 15-passenger vans by make and model, as of July 1, 2007
Model Years Make and Model Registrations
1978-2007 Ford Econo Club E-350 305,015
1981-2002 Dodge B350/3500 125,304
1996-2006 Chevrolet Express 3500 46,254
1990-1996 Chevrolet Sportvan 1T 9,402
1975-1980 Dodge Maxivan B300 5,074
1997-2007 GMC Savana 3500 8,738
1990-1996 GMC Rally 1T 3,559
Total 503,346

Note: Cargo versions of these vans not included in counts

2 Are occupants of 15-passenger vans more likely than occupants of other passenger vehicles to die in crashes?
The driver death rate in 15-passenger vans is lower than in other passenger vehicles, but the occupant death rate in the vans is higher. During 2003-07, there were 44 driver deaths per million registered 15-passenger vans. This was less than half the driver death rate (97) for all other passenger vehicles combined (cars, minivans, pickups, and SUVs). However, the death rate for all occupants, not just drivers, was higher for 15-passenger vans than for other passenger vehicle types combined — 200 versus 138 deaths per million registered vehicles. This is largely because 15-passenger vans tend to have much higher occupancy rates, so more people are at risk of dying when a crash occurs. Among passenger vehicles in fatal crashes during 2003-07, an average of 5 occupants were in 15-passenger vans compared with 2 occupants in all other passenger vehicles combined.

3 Do occupants of 15-passenger vans and occupants of other types of passenger vehicles die in similar types of crashes?
In 2007, 50 percent of the deaths of occupants of 15-passenger vans occurred in single-vehicle rollover crashes; this was the same as the proportion of occupant deaths in SUVs (50 percent) and higher than the proportion in pickups (41 percent) or cars (21 percent). Deaths of drivers of 15-passenger vans were less likely to occur in single-vehicle rollover crashes than deaths of all occupants of these vans (33 versus 50 percent); for other passenger vehicles, the proportion of deaths in single-vehicle rollover crashes was similar for drivers and all occupants.

4 Who can drive 15-passenger vans?
Although driver licensing is a state matter, states must follow federal standards for commercial drivers. These standards require drivers of vans designed to carry at least 16 occupants to have a commercial driver’s license (CDL) but do not apply to vans designed to carry fewer occupants. States may impose their own restrictions if vans are used commercially, but no special license is needed for uses such as transporting a sports team or church group.

Licensing and training requirements for drivers of 15-passenger vans are of concern because some van drivers may not operate such large vehicles on a regular basis. They may be unfamiliar with the way the vans handle and how they should be maintained.

The safety consequences of extending commercial licensing requirements to drivers of 15-passenger vans are not known. If, for example, the result were fewer groups traveling by van because of a shortage of licensed drivers, then these occupants might spread out into multiple vehicles. The net safety effect of putting more vehicles on the road to transport the same number of people is unknown.

5 Are there special handling issues for 15-passenger vans?
Yes. Fifteen-passenger vans are larger than most other passenger vehicles, and an inexperienced driver may have difficulty negotiating corners, backing up, or performing other maneuvers. These vans also have high centers of gravity, making them less stable than vehicles such as cars. Adding passengers raises the center of gravity of a vehicle, so given the greater seating capacity of 15-passenger vans, they become increasingly difficult to handle and less stable as passengers are added.

6 Are 15-passenger vans less stable than other vehicle types?
Yes. A 2004 study conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) looked at changes in the odds of rolling over in a single-vehicle crash as the number of occupants increased, after accounting for differences in weather and driver and roadway characteristics.1 The risk of a single-vehicle rollover crash was found to be lower for 15-passenger vans than for SUVs when the driver was traveling alone. However, adding occupants to either vehicle type increased the risk of rollover by 9-12 percent per occupant. The odds of rollover for a 15-passenger van increased more than 400 percent when fully loaded compared with a driver traveling alone. For other passenger vehicle types, the odds of rollover when fully loaded compared with a driver traveling alone increased 20 percent for cars, 50 percent for pickups, and almost 100 percent for SUVs and minivans.

Laboratory tests conducted for NHTSA found that the increased risk of rollover for 15-passenger vans was associated with their high centers of gravity.2 When test vehicles were fully loaded, the center of gravity increased 0.9 inches for minivans, 1.4 inches for 7-passenger vans, and 4 inches for 15-passenger vans.

In 2003-07, about half of the rollover deaths in 15-passenger vans occurred in vans carrying at least 10 occupants, while only 21 percent of people who died in 15-passenger vans that did not roll over were riding in such heavily loaded vans.

7 Is tire pressure a factor in crashes involving 15-passenger vans?
Improperly inflated tires can affect any vehicle’s stability, increasing the likelihood of a crash. In 2005, NHTSA published the preliminary results of a survey on tire pressures among large vans. The sample included 937 15-passenger vans used by different types of organizations at 16 locations across the United States. Fifty-seven percent of the vans had at least one tire underinflated by 25 percent or more, relative to the pressure recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. About 1 in 4 vans had at least one tire overinflated by 25 percent above the recommended pressure, and 6 percent had at least one tire inflated above the maximum pressure indicated on the tire sidewall.3 In a separate survey, NHTSA found that about 30 percent of cars, minivans, pickups, and SUVs had at least one underinflated tire.4 However, the extent to which tire inflation has contributed to the crashes of 15-passenger vans is unknown. Also, automatic tire pressure monitoring systems are becoming more common on these vehicles as a standard feature.

8 Could electronic stability control (ESC) help reduce the rollover propensity of 15-passenger vans?
The technology is promising. ESC has been found to reduce fatal single-vehicle crash risk by 51 percent and fatal multiple-vehicle crash risk by 20 percent for cars and SUVs. Many single-vehicle crashes involve rolling over, and ESC effectiveness in preventing rollovers is even more dramatic. It reduces the risk of fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 72 percent for SUVs and by 63 percent for cars.5 ESC is designed to help prevent drivers from losing control of their vehicles during high-speed maneuvers or on slippery roads. It is an extension of antilock brake technology with additional sensors that continuously monitor how well a vehicle is responding to a driver’s steering input. When the sensors detect the vehicle is straying from the driver’s intended line of travel, ESC brakes individual wheels to keep the vehicle under control. ESC also may modulate engine speed. All 2006 and later model 15-passenger vans are equipped with ESC.

In 2004, NHTSA began publishing the results of vehicle handling tests to rate the stability of some passenger vehicles. The tests are part of the rollover stability component of NHTSA’s New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), which provides consumers with vehicle safety information. In the 2005 federal highway reauthorization act, Congress told NHTSA to begin conducting tests to rate the stability of 15-passenger vans. To date, NHTSA has conducted limited handling tests of 15-passenger vans. In tests of a 2003 Ford E-350 and 2004 GMC Savana 3500 with and without ESC, drivers of the ESC-equipped vans were less likely to lose control in the kinds of high-speed maneuvers that can result in rollover.6 Still, there are not enough ESC-equipped 15-passenger vans on the road to measure the real-world effects.

See Q&A: Electronic stability control

9 What other safety features are available on 15-passenger vans?
In addition to ESC, antilock brakes, and front-row airbags, which are now standard on all 15-passenger vans, 2008-09 models of the Chevrolet Express 3500 and the GMC Savana 3500 include as standard equipment side-curtain airbags and reinforced glass. The side-curtain airbags are the largest on the market and protect occupants in the first three rows of seating. Reinforced glass, which resists breaking, is designed to prevent ejection of occupants of the fourth and fifth rows. While these safety features are promising, 15-passenger vans’ high centers of gravity make handling more difficult.

10 Is belt use a factor in deaths of occupants of 15-passenger vans?
Yes. During 2003-07, only 22 percent of fatally injured 15-passenger van occupants were restrained. Among fatally injured van occupants who were not restrained, 55 percent were fully ejected from the vehicle. In comparison, among fatally injured occupants of other passenger vehicle types, belt use ranged from 28 percent in pickups to 45 percent in cars and minivans, and the rate of ejection among unrestrained occupants ranged from 30 percent for cars and minivans to 57 percent for SUVs. Current federal rules require lap belts or lap/shoulder belts at all seating positions in all new passenger vehicles, including 15-passenger vans.

11 Is alcohol a factor among drivers of 15-passenger vans involved in fatal crashes?
Yes, but not as much as for drivers of other passenger vehicle types. During 2003-07, 16 percent of fatally injured drivers of 15-passenger vans had blood alcohol concentrations at or above 0.08 percent. This proportion was lower than for fatally injured drivers of cars (29 percent), SUVs (36 percent), or pickups (41 percent).

12 Are there any government efforts aimed at organizations transporting people to reduce occupant fatality rates in 15-passenger vans?
Most states require the use of school buses to transport children to and from school and school-related events, but some states do not. NHTSA recommends that pre-school and school-age children not be transported in 15-passenger vans. The 2005 federal highway reauthorization act prohibits pre-primary, primary, and secondary schools from purchasing, renting, or leasing new 15-passenger vans to be used significantly to transport students to and from school and school-related activities unless the vans meet the federal standards for school buses or multifunctional school activity buses. The additional design standards for school buses — such as roof rollover protection and strong, closely spaced seats with padded, energy-absorbing seatbacks — provide greater occupant protection in the event of a crash.

In 2001, NHTSA issued a consumer advisory recommending that 15-passenger vans be operated by experienced drivers familiar with handling such large fully loaded vehicles. Organizations using these vans were urged to require seat belt use at all times. A 2004 consumer advisory warned users of 15-passenger vans about an increased risk of rollover under certain conditions. In August 2003, NHTSA amended the school bus safety regulations to encourage churches and other groups to use buses instead of vans.

References
1Subramanian, R. 2004. Analysis of crashes involving 15-passenger vans. Report no. DOT HS-809-735. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

2Garrott, W.R.; Rhea, B.; Subramanian, R.; and Heydinger, G.J. 2001. The rollover propensity of fifteen-passenger vans. Research note. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

3Thiriez, K.K.; Ferguson, E.; and Subramanian, R. 2005. 12 & 15 passenger vans tire pressure study: preliminary results. Traffic safety facts, Research note. Report no. DOT HS-809-846. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

4Thiriez, K. and Bondy, N. 2003. NHTSA’s tire pressure special study, February 2001. Paper no. 256. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

5Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 2008. Unpublished data analysis

6Forkenbrok, G.J. and Garrott, W.R. 2004. Testing the rollover resistance of two 15-passenger vans with multiple load configurations. Report no. DOT HS-809-704. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.